Oil Refinering Using Linear Programming

INTRODUCTION My topic is oil refinering using linear programming, this is under petrochemical industries which mean it will deal more about chemicals, this is about optimising the cost using a modelling method in mathematics called linear programming. This is very important because it links what is done in petrochemical industries with mathematics.Since there is a huge need of the products that are produced after petroleum refinering which are petrol, gasoline, oil, diesel and etc so in the near future refiners and government will have to make decision to increase local refinering capacity or upgrade and expand the existing refineries(  (SAPIA) executive director  Avhapfani Tshifularo said so. Currently South Africa is unable to produce sufficient fuel so at forces it to import refined products. we can describe oil refinering as an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products which are petroleum naphtha, gasoline diesel fuel etc. rud e oil that is processed can be defined as a natural occurring flammable liquid which consist of mixture of hydrocarbons of different molecular weight and other liquid organic compounds. In the oil refinering, different products are made and are said to be bases or components, which are alkalyte, platform ate, penexate and COD gasoline, these products are stored in tanks. These are the main products we have in refinering . the reason for blending the components is to minimise cost.Since the type of product that is needed by the market is RON 95 when blending or mixing these components an octane booster must also be included. This is called gasoline blending which can be described as a fuel that is derived from petroleum crude oil; it is also blended or mixed with different hydrocarbons which are estimated to be about 200. When blending the components we are trying to minimize the cost, because we take very expensive components which are alkylate and platform ate and mix with cheap co mponents like penoxate and COD gasoline.Linear programming is a reliable method in solving such problems; it is a very good technique in minimising the cost. When maximising the sale revenues we use linear model, 1 of the mathematical tool. We have to consider the availability of the components, their physical properties and the products needed by the market which is RON 95. The purpose of gasoline blending is to optimise the generation of valuable products such as gasoline wich I mentioned above and even to satisfy the demand for the market.

Hunger Games Summer Reading

Now days, everything is about freedom and equality in The United States. The American government is trying to spread these ideals to countries across the world. In The Hunger Games, Suzanne Collins argues the point that all people are equal by using the Capitol as an example. In the book, the leaders of Panem host the Hunger Games, a competition requiring two young citizens from each district to fight to death, annually. The tributes chosen to compete in the games are chosen at random from a drawing filled with each of the names of young adults in the different districts.Children ages twelve to eighteen are enlisted into the drawing. The entries are cumulative though, so when the tribute is twelve their name is entered once, thirteen twice, and so on until they are eighteen it will be entered seven times. Also, the tributes can choose to add their name to the drawing more times in exchange for tessera, which is a small portion of rice and oil. This makes the underprivileged members o f each district more likely to be sent to the Capitol to compete in the games.The rules of the games are completely unfair and prejudice toward poor people, much like the world is today. Although we focus on and try to help the less fortunate, we are more interested in who has the most money and want to put those people up on a pedestal. The members of the Capitol and their families are refrained from being put in the drawing just because they are â€Å"important in the society. † It is not clearly stated in the book that these rules are unfair, but it is so hard not to think about how the districts just take unreasonable orders from the Capitol.Although logos and ethos don’t really play a part in this novel, pathos holds a pretty big responsibility. Collins appeals to her audience’s emotions in the story by the way she builds relationships between the readers and the characters. You will get so attached to Katniss when you read this book and will be anticipatin g her to make the right decisions and take home the title of the games. This connects to the argument because once you get to know her character, you will feel sympathy for the unnecessary punishment she does through.

Critically evaluate the impact of tourism on local host Essay

Critically evaluate the impact of tourism on local host communities,refer to the texts in your sources booklet as well as to cas - Essay Example Goodwin notes that a number of countries in Africa like Gambia and Tanzania have benefited from tourism foreign exchange. In contrast, according to Goodwin (2008) tourism may not provide a good source of foreign exchange earnings for countries with little or no international trade. Such countries cannot take tourism as the major source of foreign exchange. Although† The biggest beneficiaries of foreign exchange are the low income ones in which tourism play a role in poverty reduction† (Archer et all, 2005:10) earnings may be affected. When there disasters and terrorism strikes, foreign exchange earnings dwindle in for example the case of Hurricane Gilbert in 1995 in Jamaica, Tsunami in Japan in 2011 and Terrorism in the United States in 2001. However, the countries may also benefit even in disasters and terrorism activities. Some people are very eager to go to witness the events and activities. In this case, they play a role in tourism though their reasons may not be well understood. After Tsunami in 2011, many journalists and other people went to Japan to witness and report on the happenings there. This may not be taken as tourism but to some extent it is. Tourism may play an important role in the development of various places, according to (Archer et all, 2005) local communities near tourist attraction sites find it their responsibility to make the region better through infrastructure development and provision of important facilities. Although tourists spend some money in the host countries, economic experts argue that most of the tourist expenditures do not directly benefit the country being visited. According to Goodwin, this could be the reason why countries like Gambia, Tanzania and Caribbean countries have not recorded growth and development as it would have been expected. This is refutable according to (Goodwin, 2008), who claims there are still no good enough examples of initiatives with clear demonstrable impacts from tourism. There are no case studies which demonstrate the mainstreaming of tourism and poverty reduction strategies. According to (Scheyvens, 2003), It is estimated that more than 80% of the tourist expenditures, are on provision of services in other countries other than the host countries. For example, according to (Archer et all, 2005) when individuals are traveling to other countries, they are likely to use airline companies that are in their home countries, the money paid goes to the home country rather than the host country. Some tourists may also make purchases in their home countries before they go to the host countries. However, tourism creates employment for community in different countries; local people are employed in the hotels and resorts while others sell local products to the tourist. This is experienced in the Gambia, Tanzania and other African countries that rely on tourism a lot. This has played a role in improving the lives of the society and modernization. At the same time, there are some jurisdictions that depend on tourism a lot. â€Å"Some countries in Africa and the Caribbean region depend a lot on tourism, which may contribute up to a third of the

Infernal Affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Infernal Affairs - Essay Example Plot Synopsis Infernal Affairs involves the story of the two main characters, Chan and Lau, who are both connected to the Hong Kong triad and who both enlisted to the cadet academy. The story opens with the introduction of Hon as the triad’s leader who sends his recruits to a police academy to serve as a mole or spy in espionage language. The main characters, Chan and Lau, join the academy, but the former was expelled despite displaying a remarkable wit in the institution. Chan permanently joined the triad, while Lau entered the police force and performed excellently. The highlight of the movie reveals when police superintendent Wong led an operation intercepting the cocaine deal of the triad. The information of the cocaine deal came from Chan, who later in the film was revealed as having communication with Superintendent Wong. Lau, on one hand, sends a message to Hon regarding the operation using Morse codes. The operation yields Hon’s determination to win over Wong. T he story goes on with Lau’s dilemma over his allegiance to both the police force and to his role as a mole of the triad. ... Everything went okay between the two, when Chan discovered that Lau is the mole he is looking for. The tragic ending came when Chan was killed by Inspector B, a mole as well who equally feeds the gang with insider information. In the end, Chan is revealed as an undercover officer while Lau gives a salute to Chan in his funeral, and vows to forget his negative past and be a good cop. Themes The theme of the movie mainly revolves around a duality of character among individual actors that are cloaked around a web of deceit, pretension and lies. As the movie progresses, the director was able to convey the central theme using many ways, such as the multiple personality of characters introduced in the novel currently written by Lau’s girlfriend and the mystery as to what the real persona of the main characters is. Furthermore, the mystery unfolds as the movie creatively and suspensely depicts how the lives of the two main characters are tangled, and how living in lies became gradual ly their reality. In the words of Ebert (par. 9), pretension and lies as themes would not be enough justifications to watch the film; rather, the mind and conscience-provoking question as to how living in a persona that is totally different from the real person could be possible. In the end, it is just a matter of reclaiming the real self by spilling the beans, telling the truth, and facing the consequences, no matter how undesirable the outcome may be. Visual Elements: Angling and Shots, Lighting, Costumes and Set Locations Infernal Affairs really deserves an A when it comes to cinematography. In fact, a lot of movie critics are all-praised when it comes to the crispness of the shots, the

Business statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business statistics - Essay Example This is given that Professionals and Managers frequently are attentive to their measures level like mode, sums, and means. This is a way of communicating of the measure level and numbers use. In comparing of descriptive and inferential data, the two define the data variation in terms of the probability or dispersion distributions/patterns describing the data. This is where both rely on the same set of data. The only difference between the 2 is that inferential data aims to draw general conclusions about a big population (Richard, 69). This way its clear organizations look at results in many ways: quality, time, expenses etc. The dispersion learnt earlier helps to recognize the data information being tracked/measured. In order to decide of results and outcomes, we ought to understand the data variation or consistency (Richard, 44). This means data variation results to dissimilar results understanding. Descriptive statistics method of calculating data is for instance, function of Excel Analysis ToolPak function which produce salary data that is descriptive in statistics. The example of calculations in statistics is the Employee Salary Data set. In research, we categorize the collected data by the GEN1 (G variable) for females and males and then get each gender average and standard deviation for these variables in terms of age or other quantity measure (Richard, 78). It is possible to use for one gender descriptive and the functions of FX for (MEAN and STANDARD DEVIATION) for the other. The paper has looked at the numbers and measurement as well as descriptive and inferential data as a way of analyzing data collected. This way the paper has discussed how inferential data differs from the descriptive data where as seen, inferential depend on the data to draw general perspective of big populations. Lastly, the paper has viewed some research application of descriptive data in contrast to inferential

Applying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Essay

Applying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care - Essay Example To increase the provision and access to these primary needs, it is important for the federal government to deploy more health and clinical providers to such areas. One of the major concerns that have drawn controversy is the provision of reproductive health services particularly for the teens. The role of teenagers in the determination of their reproductive choices and the influence of the parents in such health choices has been the main source of controversy. This calls for provision of specialized medical services by physicians to ensure that the teens make right choices regarding their reproductive health. This study therefore focused on establishing the relationship between elective pregnancy termination among teens and the population density (Robert, 2004). This study is important to the healthcare sector given the risks that are associated with pregnancy termination. Hypothesis in research refers to tentative explanation about a given phenomenon that tries to establish the existence of a relationship between test variables. It is used in research to predict or test the expected outcome. The hypotheses for this study include; Dependent variables are those variables or values whose outcomes are measured by the independent variables. Independent variables on the other hand are those variables that are manipulated or varied by the researcher. In this study, the percentage of electively terminated pregnancy represents the dependent variable while population density represents the independent variable (Robert, 2004). This is the theoretical perspective of the study that simply defines the theories and the variables that will be investigated in the study. Theoretically, the study established that, access to reproductive health services was relatively low in low population density areas hence, few cases of electively terminated pregnancies in teens. Literature review plays an important role in research since they act as secondary source of the

Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalization - Research Paper Example Globalization has been present for a great deal of time now with the activities of â€Å"trade, immigration, and the exchange of information and ideas.† (Arnett, 2002). Moreover, with the advent of technology, especially in the fields of communication, a great amount of mutuality now exists in terms of financial dependency and economic trade. (Arnett, 2002). There is a lot of speculation regaridng globalization recently. The growth rate of international trade which was rapid, has diminished in the past few years, especially with global economies going into recessions. (Schuman, 2013). However, globalization is still in the running and growing strong. In the past investments and technology innovations were moving from the Developed countries to the Developing or Less Developed countries. (Schuman, 2013). However, that is a thing of the past now. Emerging markets are taking over the role in innovation and investments worldwide. For instance, â€Å"Apple’s chief rival is not a European or even Japanese company, but South Korea’s Samsung†. (Schuman, 2013) Textiles and Apparel industry can refer to the manufacturing and design of textiles. It includes the production process and the technology or machinery used to produce textiles. There may be various uses of textiles such as industrial and non industrial. Industrial usage means the use of textiles in aiding production, whereas non industrial usage means the use of textiles in daily wear , as apparels or fashion. The three biggest exporters in the textiles industry are all developing countries such as: Globalization of the textile industry is not something new. It has been going on since several years. In the early ninetheenth century, America was actively trading Indian Cotton in England. Later, it began exporting cotton to China. (Abernathy et al, 2004) However, as the textiles

Senior Project - Team Video Analysis Report Essay - 1

Senior Project - Team Video Analysis Report - Essay Example Without clear goals or a financial projection, the ideas are being tossed at the team who is left feeling vulnerable and without direction. 6. Team members do not know how to organize and create strategy. It is clear that the basic tools of strategic management are outside of the knowledge of most of the team. This means that a part of the team is not working up to their potential, decreasing the efficiency with which goals are met. The head of the company is unaware of the steps that were taken to create the success that she has achieved. The problem with this lack of understanding is that she is unable to create a future without having a clear picture of the past. Understanding the importance of the past is the first step in creating a strategic methodology for continuing into the future. Charting how the company was built, all the milestones and the ways in which they were achieved would allow for Elizabeth to create a clearer picture of how her company evolved. Recognizing how she was prepared for opportunities and how she utilized those opportunities would give her a better grasp of her current success. In addition, she needs to look for lost opportunities and how she can be better prepared from them in the future. Once this understanding has been developed, she can move forward to create the business plan that she needs to continue her success. In order to address the problem of a business plan, Elizabeth needs to establish what her company stands for in regard to its mission and goals. This development of a business plan will provide a framework for expansion as new markets are examined for potential benefit. Through a clear statement of who the business and how it operates, she can better establish a strategic plan towards the future. The business plan needs to be built upon the establishment of a mission statement. A mission statement will help to define the business so that it can stay

The Time Essay Example for Free

The Time Essay What is the most horrible of institutions that ever entered human lives? Anyone, by the perceived notion of institutions might start listing education, family, marriage, state, religion etc. But, if we think once, all these institutions have something in common. They are all time framed, time – bound, and submit us to conformity, which is again fitting itself into the framework of larger time that is life time. So, I would say, it is time that is the major institution that changed the face of our lives. Not only ours, but of course of the whole human society, be it in any part of the world. If you are someone like Plato, you would say, there is no such thing like time that is making life hard for us. Instead, it is the idea of time that is responsible for all the commotion. Well, I do agree with such people and say, â€Å"The Clock is the culprit†, and enquire how this dire consequence happened to us. Unfortunately, to track how this at all happened, we should still rely on time, gazing back at the past, so that our arguments would make some sense. By this, we could say that, time is eternal to our lives. It neither has a beginning nor ending. The entire creation moves on according to a time pattern. Time is one of those many necessary evils that happened to us. Tracing back to history, we don’t have any evidence to suggest when the word ‘time’ derived or established semantically, but the word ‘clock’ is derived from the Latin word ‘clocca’ which means ‘bell’ or French word ‘cloche’, which again means the same. We were introduced to clocks only in the 14th century. It is in this period that people were familiarized with devices like sun dial, clepsydra or water clocks etc. Mechanical, tower and quartz clocks, with gears, wheels and weights attached to them were invented somewhere around the medieval period (5th – 15th century) in Europe. Be it towards human development or mechanization, this invention is of course a giant leap in the history of mankind. But, these clocks had the facility of ticking only once in an hour, that is there were no minutes and seconds hands at that time. As a solution to this problem and avoid the accuracy and precision constraint of his experiments, Galileo, a physicist, observed the chandeliers in the church and tried to devise a similar device, but he failed to do so. Later, with the aid of Galileo’s works and further research to his credit, Huygens, a Dutch astronomer, devised the first successful pendulum clock. But, theseclocks too had a problem. They used to tick several times a second, making life even more miserable. Later, William Clement, an English clock maker devised pendulum clocks whose least measure was a second. These clocks were well appreciated and came to be known as â€Å"the grandfather’s clocks† in the history. The aftermath of this was known to be the period of scientific development where the pendulums were replaced by atomic vibrations. The clocks which we use today with seconds, minutes and hours hands are called the atomic clocks and were invented by Dr. L. Essen. Until 1840’s, the clocks we used consisted of external batteries. Meanwhile, people undertook research to avoid this problem of batteries losing life as they were exposed to harsh weather conditions which show their impact on this life – boosting device, battery. It was much later in 1906 that we started using internal batteries. The first portable time piece (such as time turner, wrist watch etc. ) ever was devised by a German, Peter Hele, the pioneer of human plethora and obviously the first one who deserves death penalty because without him, we would have left time at home and walked freely into the outer world, and would have lived peacefully. Coming to philosophy, renowned philosophers argue that time is a mental construct but nobody ever says how to get rid of it. Moreover, they propose alternative theories on time. Though these don’t solve the problem, they give us a ground to work on it, as it is believed that sticking with a problem for a longer time (time again! ) will give us possible scope to analyze it and would hopefully lead us to the solution. They provide us a pretty good set of facts such as time is one – dimensional, unidirectional, irreversible and hence precious, it is not cyclic but linear (as Stephen Hawking said), etc. There are also competing theories in philosophy which tries to present different perspectives, viewpoints regarding time. The Presentists argue that only the present is the only real thing. The Growing – block theorists argue that both present and past are real, but not future, that is I’m eating an ice cream and dinosaurs had once existed are real, but not certainly my death. Who knows? I might be that one mortal being on earth who doesn’t meet death. The Block – universe theorists or the Eternalists argue that the past, present and future are subjective and are mere mental constructs, just like time. But, as it is denying the tenet of time, and as it is deemed to be tense less, eternalism was considered illogical. We even have this distinctversion called there are different types of time namely, Public time (the time which runs on clocks), Biological time (the circadian rhythms which are regulated by sunlight and darkness), and the Psychological or the Phenomenological time (this is nothing different from public time and moreover, it is only how we use the public time). This psychological time is once again known to be a mental construct, subjective, and immeasurable. For example, psychological time passes when we are happy and drags when we are sad. The psychological time cannot be measured with any devise whereas the public time is a basic time that can be measured by the clock, which is devised for the very purpose. Psychological time helps us to understand human thought processes whereas the public time does not understand or analyze anything. It is merely a platform for the consequences that the psychological time should think of. Talking about the flow of time, there are two opposing theories namely the Myth – Flow theory and the Theory of Objective Reality. The former strengthens the rampant argument that the notion of time is a myth and it is our mental construct whereas the latter contradictorily tells us that time is mind – independent reality, which it clarifies by saying that though we die, time is eternal and it always exists in this universe, thus justifying its objective reality. It is certainly due to this concept of time flow that cognitive psychologists were also interested in the time. They were interested in knowing our experience of time flow and our ability to place events as per chronology. Neuroscientists, at a point of time, were also interested in time and suggested that your brain waits about 80 milliseconds for all the relevant input to come in before you experience a â€Å"now†. Neuroscientists and psychologists have investigated whether they can speed up our minds relative to physical time. If so, we might become mentally more productive, and get more high quality decision making done per fixed amount of physical time, and learn more per minute. Several avenues have been explored: using cocaine, amphetamines and other drugs, undergoing extreme experiences such as jumping backwards off a tall tower with bungee cords attached to one’s ankles, and trying different forms of meditation. So far, none of these avenues have led to success productivity-wise. Time is no doubt the central theme of modern life. Every single day, from dawn to dusk, we plan our day, or at least think of our day as per a time schedule. We get up inthe morning and enter into the inevitable business of time keeping and this burden becomes even more when we attach meaning to a whole jargon of words like once upon a time, past, present, future, yesterday, today, tomorrow, day after tomorrow, the next hour, within ten minutes, one second etc. I think it is because of fear of this time and the time constraint that we are taking our life so seriously, the whole world became so competitive in the pursuit of virtue and racing towards an unknown fortune, whose existence is still a matter of potential questionnaire. Human beings are so subjective that we cannot conduct a Meta – subjective analysis of their subjectivity. But, millions and billions of members of the human race are curbed off their creativity and were forced to fit into an artificial pitcher called the time – box, where, since centuries, people were supposed to do what they were expected to and that to within a fixed time – frame, and a lot of value is attached to time. At least once in life, let us take up this unique or peculiar experiment of putting this time outside human lives. Can we live at least a day without looking at our watch, mobile, or desktop without knowing what the time is? Can we lead our life succumbing just to gut feeling and nothing else? Time is said to be a free – force which does not wait for anyone. Then, why the hell do we bother about time, when it does not wait for us? Can’t we be little egoistic concentrating on self – emphasis rather than time – emphasis? This might sound a kind of utopian and something that never happens in this 21st century. If at all we still feel like attempting this, we must follow Rousseau, who just went off into the woods to lead his life calm and quiet, away from the hue and cry of the main – frame of society which is suffering from OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) of time ticking lives. Despite the cons it has, time has pros too. As Ovid says, â€Å"Time is the best medicine. † It is known to heal the wounds which reason cannot. Time is a wise counselor which gives us a healing touch. It reminds us to act and of course act wisely. It is the sole controller of our emotion and experience. To conclude, time is all in the mind and so it is up to us, our mindset and attitude as of how to get on with it, and we must thank the Temporal Logic (time based logic that is responsible for the functioning of any language) for which we attribute our whole understanding of this issue, and of course the rather creepy World.

Evolution by Natural Selection Essay Example for Free

Evolution by Natural Selection Essay a. Evolution by Natural Selection: This theory is developed by Charles Darwin as one of the parts of his theory of evolution. This theory embodies the thought that species change and evolve over generations and that the mechanisms for the species change along with it. b. Inheritance: This theory, introduced by Gregor Mendel, embodies the principle that traits are passed on from one generation to the next through the genes that carry them. This means that traits are inherited from the parents to the offspring through these hereditary factors. c. Cells: The Cell theory from Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, discussed that all cells come from preexisting cells and that cells are the basic elements for life to exist. d. Biological Classification: Carolus Linnaeus began the classification of different species according to their similarities and differences called nomenclature. e. Bioenergetics: is based on the concept that there is an energy that powers life and that it follows the rules of the energies that exist in the inanimate world. f. Homeostasis: Claude Bernard discovered that organisms function best under a narrow range of conditions and that they maintain internal conditions to maintain stability, which allows them to live in a larger range of environments. g. Ecosystems: This deals with the concept that organisms don’t exist alone but is part of a community of other living organisms that interact with one another. (â€Å"What is Biology? †) In relation to the news today and the theories’ applications in the 21st century, a test connected with the Inheritance theory recently revealed that genetics may determine the extent we are influenced by social drinking clues. The article states that a specific form of the Dopamine D4 receptor gene may make people more sensitive to craving caused by alcohol-related cues from other people. This, the article reports, â€Å"†¦may increase the risk for extensive alcohol use or abuse when spending time with heavy-drinking peers (Association for Psychological Science, 25 July 2010). 2. Scientific Method The website began with the question â€Å"Have you ever noticed if you place a plant near a window, that after a while, the plant grows or leans toward the window? † and was followed by the question â€Å"Have you ever wondered why the plant grows toward the window? † This required a hypothesis formulation in order for there to be a guide on how to arrive on the answer. The hypothesis that I have chosen for the experiment on the website was that â€Å"plants respond to the light which they need to make their food. † After selecting my hypothesis, I chose to â€Å"grow three plants with light to the left and glass to the right and three more with light to the right and glass to the left† and look for the difference in the â€Å"direction the plant is growing/leaning. † The result was that â€Å"The leaves of the plants with the light on the left turned toward the left and the tops of the plants grew toward the left. The leaves of the plants with the light on the right turned toward the right and the tops grew toward the right. † This supported my hypothesis that light was the reason that the plants grew toward the windows where the light was. In the scientific method, the whole process began with observation and questioning the behavior of the plant as it grew toward the window and analyzing the possible variables that may affect this behavior. Considering that I had a basic idea about how plants grow, I made a hypothesis that was likely the case, though there may be some other variables that influence the behavior. These other variables made me think of testing them along with the main reason I had been thinking about. In order to test all the elements involved, I proceeded testing with both the light and the glass. Putting all the variables in not only confirms one or more of the variables, but also eliminates other variables that might not have any weight on the observations made. With the results supporting the hypothesis, and eliminating other non-weight bearing variables (in this case, the glass), then the hypothesis is accepted. The explanation in this case would be that plants respond to the light that enables them to create their own food. From here, it is possible to have other questions that would lead to the repeat in the cycle of the scientific method back to observations and questions. These questions could include how plants would react when the source of light comes from different directions. In my own personal experience, I have applied the scientific method to some of the simplest questions I’ve had the chance to encounter in my life. One such example where I constantly apply it is when making projects whether they are for school or for personal enjoyment, especially when the project requires so many redundant details such as cutting strips of paper or stitching something up or anything else. Although this is not exactly the same in doing scientific experiments, the same principles apply. Since I am always concerned with efficiency in doing things, I always ask myself, what is the shortest way I’ll be able to do this while maintaining a standard of quality? This forms the observation and questioning phase. From past experiences and from certain observations, there are many methods that can be applied and I think of the best ones that might apply to what I am currently working on. These comply with the hypothesis that one of the methods that I have thought of will work, which brings me to the experimentation phase. Here, I test which ones work best on a small scale, checking which ones I finish more quickly and produce the same results despite separate repetitions of the method. Upon seeing the results of my experiments, I finally come to the conclusion that at least one of the methods is efficient and effective in producing mass quantities of material for the project I am working on. Sometimes, this leads to other questions such as whether or not the method can be applied to other materials, or which materials work best with that method. This may then catapult me back to the scientific method from the beginning. References What is Biology?. Retrieved July 27, 2010 from http://course1. winona. edu/mdelong/principles/ Lecture%201%20-%20Introduction. ppt Association for Psychological Science. (July 27, 2010). Genetics may Influence Social Drinking. Medical News Today. Retrieved July 27, 2010 from http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/ articles/195725. php

Factors Affecting Global Advertising Strategies

Factors Affecting Global Advertising Strategies CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This project will analyse how global advertising is affected by numerous problems and what global advertising strategies can be undertaken by multi-national companies. The project will start with an introduction to global advertising and related literature, theories which present the basis of the review. Then, the methods of collecting data and sources will take place such as how the data was gathered and evaluated. Furthermore, with analysis of all relevant outcomes, a conclusion will be drawn. The reason why Kinetic, Turkey, was chosen as a case study is because it has been operating as an advertising company in different countries under different names. In addition, advertising is facing many issues in Turkey and this will provide a better insight to the problems of international advertising such as how the company copes with these issues. Background In the global advertising phenomena, most businesses are keen to expand their brand of products into a market place that is becoming increasingly competitive, an unstoppable debate over the effectiveness of global advertising of products is still continuing. The idea began towards the late twentieth century and gained immense popularity among business communities as the sound of global recognition is a music to anyones ears. It does have some challenges for business men all over the world. Among them is the issue of language, culture to name a few (Andros, 2000). Global advertising involves distribution of a commercial message to target customers in other countries. Individuals differ from country to country which affects the way of how they recognize symbols, react to emotional appeals by considering the intensity of literacy and languages spoken. The structure of advertising function also shows difference. For instance, on the one hand, advertising decisions and budgets are centralized, and specific numbers of worldwide agencies are used by international organisations. On the other hand, organisations can decentralize the decisions and budgets and use the local advertising agencies. Therefore,global advertising is a communication process as a result of existing in different cultures that have different values, communication styles, and consumption patterns. Global advertising can be also seen as a business practice with advertisers and the advertising agencies which generate advertisements and buy media in other states Douglas Craig, (1995) . It is difficult to communicate to a target audience in global markets as communication process passes through in numerous contexts and it varies because of language, literacy, and other cultural influences. Douglas Craig, (2002) propose that there are three different stages are taken place in the process of the communication in global markets. First of all, the advertiser determines the appropriate message for the target audience. Then, to understand the message in different cultural contexts, it is encoded. Finally, the message is ready to be sent through the media channels to the customers who then interpret and respond to the message. However cultural factors can create barriers in these steps in the process of message and communication breaks may occur. Efficiency of message is affected by the cultural context. The context where information is implanted is significant in the collectivist cultures such as Japan and China (Hall, (1976). Conversely, the information is embedded in verbal messages in low context cultures such as Western societies where they only expect whether information relating to the product or service is enough to meet with their expectations for content (De Mooij, 1998). However, image and mood appeals affect individuals easily in high context cultures where they depend on personal networks for information and content. To provide effective communication, it is important to understand these differences in communication techniques. Global advertising can be also considered as business progress when a company introduce its product or services to customers in other countries. An appropriate message is determined by an advertising agency, which also build the media placement. While deciding global advertising strategy, awareness of developing an international or local ad campaign, or tailor communication to differences in home markets (Peebles and Ryans 1984). A standardized international campaign is often preferred to build a strong corporate or global image. Local campaigns are chosen if the purpose is to release a new product or build a new brand, or to differentiate the product or brand from competitors. In 2006, Coca-Cola Company failed when the company launched the campaign of Coke Side of Life, and it only provided simple messages with universal appeal. Coca-Cola used more regional approach rather than using a global marketing campaign (Summerfield, 2002). After this failure the organisation started to use its global resources to run a multi-media and multi-cultural strategy in worldwide markets. The firm has a better understanding of its local connections in which they market their products (Coca-Cola Company News Release, 2006). Altstie and Grow (2006) believes that there are many advantages of standardization. One of the main advantages of standardization is local marketplace. As a brand takes a part in the process of decision-making especially supported by local professionals then it will help to increase the level of local acceptance easily. Having looked at the advantages of standardization, the other effect of it can be observed as off-target advertisements always provide support when there meets an increase related to cultural approach. Moreover, Altstie and Grow (2006) mention it is clear to say that culturally respectful and strategically bound advertising can often be highly successful. Another advantage of standardization is abating the rate of making cultural blunders. When choosing an advertising firm to take care of global promotional needs, companies should consider: the available budget; the promotional message; the complexity of the product or service; market size and location; distribution channels; life cycle and competition (Proctor 2000, pp.227-228). It is vital to use an advertising agency which specializes in that type of campaign as the company operating global. McAllister (1997, p. 39) explains why it is more prudent to use global campaigns. There are many advantages of an international campaign such as building a strong and consistent global image for the company or its products and services across world markets and building awareness by using the same image in other countries. Moreover, utilization of a single campaign reduces the costs and productions in copy development. On the other hand, use of various regional campaigns may create repetition and lead to incoherent brand images and bewilderment in target audiences over the globe. To start with, it is essential to identify the term of global advertising, which has been used for advertising universal brands, such as Marlboro cigarettes, Coca-Cola, Sony home electronics and Gucci accessories. For instance, Jones (2000) argues that if a brand is exactly the same in every way in the countries where it is represented, then this term can be called as global. However there are numerous brands are available; the numbers of truly brands are not that many. For example, Coca-Cola and Pepsi frequently do with some a few changes to contain local norms, tastes, and preferences, but Levis jeans that are very much a global upon the country. In the current economic scenario, many economists as well as media people are predicting that a competition among businesses might resemble the initial stages of E-Commerce when it was not well known. There are pieces of research that have addressed the question of price rivalry on the Internet. Examine price patterns with the competition and their pros and cons for the customer segment, where do they excel and where do they lack in traditional bricks and mortar retail settings (Frasier, 2002) According to Keegan and Green, 2008, United States was the country where advertising industry spent $250 billion whereas they spent half a billion dollars for the world in 2003. In addition to this information, in total over a trillion dollars was spent for various kinds of promotions. The existing literature shows that General Motors spent only %2 of its sales for advertising while Unilever spent %3.2. However, 2 percent of total sales of General Motors which was equal to 3.7 billion dollars were more than double of Unilever expense. $1.6 billion spent for advertising by Unilever. As a whole, in 2003, nearly $100 billion was spent for advertising by the market leaders. However the following statistics shows that global advertising expenditures highly declined as a result of economic crisis. According to Zenith forecasts of 2006, the credit crunch has a negative effect on consumers and organisations in North America and Western Europe from 4.4% to 3.8%, however there is a growth in the rest of the world from 10.9% to 11.1%. TNS Media Intelligence states that U.S. total measured advertising spending dropped 14.3 percent vs. in the first six months of 2009 to $60.87 billion and advertising expenditures during the second quarter of 2009 which was less than last year. The only media increase was internet in the first half of 2009. Zenith forecasts (2006) showed that the top companies such as Verizon Communication, Procter Gamble, ATT, Sprint Nextel, Johnson Johnson, General Motors, General Electric, News Corp., Time Warner and Walt Disney in the first six months of 2009 spent combined total of $7,866.4 million, spending decreased by 3.5 percent compare to last year. As creating the multinational advertising campaigns, not only political and legal forces, but also economic factor needs to be taken into account. Definition of Problem With a better understanding of the adaptation of global advertisements to local environments, the factors which have influence on global advertisements and the strategies can be generated by global companies against to these barriers will be addressed. Aims and Objectives The project will analyse how global advertising is affected by language, culture, colours, numbers and images, religion, education, country image, political and legal forces, production and cost limitations, and global advertising strategies undertaken by multi-national companies. To come to the main point, one ad needs to apply to everyone and their understanding concurrently. The ultimate goal is the adaptation of a global advert which attracts customers attention to the highest point to generate the purchase process. In this study, the analysis of how effectively global advertising can be adopted by different and changing backgrounds in Turkey has been examined. Furthermore, how successfully advertising firms do research as well as market their product and services within other countries to expand globally will be taken into account. Structure of Study The research consists of five different chapters: Chapter 1 presents the background global advertising, and indicates aims, objectives and the structure of the study. This chapter also includes some relevant examples and judgments to the literature review. Chapter 2 provides review of relevant literature describing the challenges of global advertising with theoretical concepts and various examples of many organisations from books and journal articles. Chapter 3 contains the research and data collection methods in detail including both primary and secondary data as well as analysis of data and sampling methods. Besides, reasons of selected research methods and how they were used are explained. Chapter 4 gives a critical evaluation of data gathered from interviews with relevant justification, discussions and judgements. The aims and objectives set in the introduction have been addressed. Chapter 5 provides a summary of the main findings with conclusions and recommendations from both literature review and interview. Additionally, directions for the future study are indicated in this chapter. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Globalisation During the last decade, organisations have been launched internationally to expand the size of the business and survive in the competitive environment as a result of global competition and to gain global demand for their products. Globalisation has been defined as the homogenization of peoples wants and demands around the globe thanks to easy access of different products (Hammond, Grosse, 2003, p. 288). Organisations have expanded into different markets with the development of communication technology and the communication among countries has become easier for mass media via internet and satellite television broadcast. With high technology, managers can directly access the firms and solve any problem that might exist in other countries (Johansson, 2006). The usage of television increased during the entire world as governments discontinued attempting to prevent TV access from their population in many states; the images publicized in this medium have really introduced existing cultures around the globe such as the public in Japan, Argentina, and Canada. Moreover, the Internet has driven the globalisation of products by removing the barriers which formerly preventing products from gaining more recognition around the world. The physical limitations separating countries are breached as a result of Internet. However it has extended the worldwide scope of products, the global branding strategy should actually be a local plan for each component market, as to apply a standard approach worldwide without considering local preferences and cultural differences is doomed to failure (Dennis Harris 2002, p.142). Global organisations need to consider such as the available budget, the promotional message, the complexity of the product or service, market size and location, distribution channels, life cycle and competition when selecting an agency to heed on global promotional needs (Proctor 2000, p.227-228). It is prudent to select the advertising company which specialized in that type of promotion when the organisation is operating globally McAllister (1997, p. 39). Global Advertising Global advertising challenges with a difficult task. An appropriate communication needs to be for any local market as campaigns also must be organized and controlling of expenses must be provided across the world. As a result of varying media, there will be a change in the possible channels of advertising (Hammond, Grosse, 2003). For business expansion, corporations have to consider many factors. Among these factors, the top most are language, culture, education, politics as well as economic environment (William and Cummins, 2008). Corporations that have been successful in implementing their business have done a great deal of homework in this regard as we see on their websites which are available in many languages, they also analyze the appropriate market for their product and look at the political stability of that particular country in order to make sure that their business is conducted properly (Boris, 2001). This has specially been observed in telecom and computer sector where we can now see just how successfully that have implemented their strategies to cross all the above mentioned hurdles. The product must be within the reach of a common man and they must spend an appropriate amount on advertising as to get the masses interested. Hype must be created to grab even more attention and the price/performanc e ratio of the final product must be in equilibrium (James Badger, 2004). On the other hand they do adjust rather poorly in organizations that need to change. Compensations must only be based on performance and the size of job in hand that must be focused on more promotion and in future striving to get an even bigger job (Murphy et al., 2005). The above mentioned can only be extracted when the company management decides to make a great relationship with the workforce. They must make them feel so comfortable as if they are dealing not just with workers but their own family members. Just like we all work for the benefits of our very own families, similarly they must motivate employees to such an extent that they are able to handle virtually any challenge that lies in the way of their organization (Parker, 2002). But in order to achieve this, they will have to give additional benefits and rewards coupled with bonuses to their employees at regular intervals. As discussed above a factor that unfortunately even today is under use of many organizations, is the seniority factor where they encourage their employees on the basis of seniority rather than performance. Organizations have already begun the transition from relatively simple spreadsheets to the IT based database technology as this process has advanced along with the technology (Vein Heflin, 2008). They can also use their brand name if it is well known to consolidate the quality and customer satisfaction by increased funding on re-structuring the pricing policies as well as present some significant discounts and combine them with a proactive marketing campaign (Vein Heflin, 2008). Although in many countries global advertising can be considered homogenous or not, media tools provide an easy access to a part of the world. While social and cultural differences can pose problems, a simple image of the products can remain in individuals mind; they gradually begin to participate in the global market. The aims of advertising in each country have to be identified by the advertisers. Global advertising management should begin with the evaluation of the position of advertising in each market and the accessibility of the other advertising media. Similarities in Advertising Harris Attour (2003, p. 160) expounded that International advertising standardisation refers to using a common approach (for example common advertising message) to promote the same product across national boundaries. The similarities in advertising can be justified by the following: consistent image and identity throughout the world, single coordination of the marketing mix, and cost-savings; Consistent Positioning Worldwide By having similar advertising, organisations are able to show their consistency and maintain their brand image worldwide. Doing so prevents confusion and distortion of the way frequent travellers perceive brands In other words, the company gain in consistency because it carries the same image everywhere. Smirnoff launched its pure thrill campaign showing distorted images becoming clear when viewed through the Smirnoff bottle; however the specific scenes change from one country to another to appeal to consumers with different assumption about what is thrilling. (Kiefer Carter, 2005, p. 105) Writing instrument common theme stresses Parker and Pen as synonymous. Personalisation of the advertisement can be made at the local level but always with a common theme (Advertising Age, 1984, p. 74). Levis in the early 1980s opted for a pattern advertising strategy, where the broad outlines of the campaign are given but the details not (Chase Bacot, 1981, p. 34). Cost Savings Achieved Through Standardisation The potential for economy of scale achieved through standardization is enormous. Many companies have made huge savings thanks to standardization. In fact, by having one company to design the international advertising strategy, companies not only have a tighter coordination amongst brands but also achieve huge savings. Many companies have benefited from the cost savings potential of uniform advertising campaigns. Coca Cola saved $90 million over 20 years by using McCann-Erickson to produce its worldwide commercials (De Mooij, 1997, p. 15). Challenges in International Advertising It is true that advertising seems to be consistent worldwide, however As Omar (2009, p. 374) noted:Although advertising principles do not vary from country to country, the objectives and methods employed may differ in different markets. As Anholt (2000, p. 8) predicted, it is important for international brands to act locally: International brands succeed when consumers in each market believe they are being spoken to by somebody who understands them, somebody who knows their needs and who talks and feels just as they do . His words give rise to a lot of questions, chief amongst them are: The kind of advertising which would work best in each market environment, the kind of advertisement to be avoided (Zandpour et al, 1994, p. 50). Kotler (1997, p. 309) pointed out that international advertising present challenges at four levels: What to say (message content), how to say it logically (message structure), how to say it symbolically (message format), and who should say it (message source) ? The following paragraphs discuss them in turn. Language These days, organisations are paying great attention on product names and slogans to use in other languages. Language is the foundation to cross cultural advertising. Language must be carefully checked for cultural feasibility as many companies have made big blunders in advertisements of their products. (Payne, 2007). The message needs to be expressed in one language. International advertising often means that, companies are advertising a product which has a name from a different language. Many companies have had difficulties marketing these products mainly because once translated it does not convey the same impression. Firms therefore have skilled interpreters and translators to remove the communication difficulties. Direct translations into other foreign languages often lose meaning and do not put forward the important points originally predicted. Colgate launched toothpaste named CUE; they introduced the product in France and it was a disaster because the word CUE in French is a slang expression for derriere. (De Mooij, 1997, p. 160) Baby food producer Gerber does not make the right impact in France since the word literally means to spew (De Mooij, 1997, p. 145). Mitsubishi failed to advertise their Pajero model in Spain because the word Pajero means masturbator in Spanish: definitely not the right impression. (Haig, 2003, p. 45) IBM had some difficulties in Argentina with its global slogan: Solutions for a small planet and had to fine-tune it to Solutions for a small world because the word Planet lacked the desired conceptual thrust (Haig, 2003, p. 105). Values Culture might be linked to ethnics, national groups, and an age group or to a country. Every individual gains their knowledge about their culture from the society or the group they belong to. Every country has it is own culture, eating, dressing habits change between countries men and women are not treated same everywhere. Culture varies between different levels, so when talking about it, it is important to be clear about the level to avoid confusion. An approach that is true at one level does not mean it is going to be right on another level. Pivotal to the issues faced by international promoters, is the problem of culture: advertising is more than words, it is made of culture (Anholt, 2000, p. 5). In other words, the content of the message should have a local touch. Culture is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought characteristic of a community or population. Culture is also learned behaviour. It depends on the environment, not heredity; it is not biologically transmitted. (Keillor et al.2007, p.109) In 1997, De Mooij (p. 7) wrote that, Ideally effective advertising means that the values in the message match the values of the receiver. It is the culture of the consumer that should be reflected in advertising. This excerpt puts a lot of emphasis on the values of the targeted nation. Before launching an advertisement it is important to see whether the message conveyed will match with the values of the nation. In other words, culture is a very complex phenomenon and a challenge to firms that wish to market internationally. How does the firms product or service fit in with the foreign markets culture? How must it be adapted to fit? Every firm must take its own adjustment and adaptation to satisfy customer foreign customers. (Keillor et al., 2007 p. 109) Culture plays an important role in international market. It is complex, challenging and always a problem for companies which operate internationally. When a new product is launched, it is the responsibility of the firm to make sure that the product fits in the international market. If there are changes required to increase customer satisfaction, the firm must take the reasonable steps. Advertising reflects these wider systems of meaning: it reflects the way people think, what moves them, how they relate to each other, how they live, eat, relax, and enjoy themselves. All manifestations of culture, at different levels, are reflected in advertising. In order to analyze advertising as a manifestation of culture at the broader level, it must be understood that culture is expressed in several ways. The Sony Walkman is often thought to be unique because one can listen to music without being disturbed by others. However this contrasts with Akio Morita Ibuka co-founder of Sony Corporation: He wanted to listen to music without disturbing others (Morita et al., 1987, p. 89). This subtlety makes a huge difference in the formulation of the campaign. Muller sparked a lot of controversy with its self-centred campaign showing a mum depriving its child of the yoghurt with the caption: there is motherly love, and there is Muller love. (Kiefer Carter, 2005, p. 68). Haagen-Dazs was lambasted because of its advertisement which related ice cream to sex and presented it as a product for personal pleasure. It offended the Chinese who share all the good things (Kiefer Carter, 2005, p. 68). Values bear hugely on buyer behaviour especially at the problem recognition stage. People in different cultures have different motives to buy a good and it should be reflected in the message of the campaign. When companies advertise, they must consider a wider system of meaning because it reflects people in many ways for example the way they eat, move or think. Advertising reflects to all cultural expressions at different stages. It is important to understand that the culture can be expressed in more than a few ways to analyze advertising as a manifestation of culture. Hofstede (1980, p. 57) proposed four dimensions of national culture: Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. The model can be used in global marketing strategy. If culture has a large effect on customer behaviour, then firms need tools and techniques that analyze cultural differences, so that the firms can avoid the mistake of applying a policy which is not appropriate. Power distance is essentially used to categorise levels of inequality in organisations (Mullins, 2002, p. 25). High power distance countries are autocratic and in such countries, the employees are reduced to a mere condition of doers. Conversely, low power distance is favourable to a participative management. Uncertainty avoidance however, related to the tendency to minimise risks or ambiguous situations. Countries that score high in this area are risk-adverse, and they tend to follow proved methods and rely usually on bureaucracy. Individualism mirrors the extent to which individuals fitted in a group (Brewster, Sparrow, Vernon, 2007, p. 23). In other words, the cohesiveness amongst group members; countries with a high score can be branded egoistic and Nations with low levels of individualism are known for their social dimension. Masculinity is linked to the behaviour and patterns that prevail into a particular culture. In fact, a masculine oriented nation shines by aggressiveness, assertiveness, drive for succeed at all cost while a feminine orientation requires a much less nurturing approach. Later, an additional dimension, Confucian Dynamism (Bond, 1988, p. 8), was put forward. This dimension reflects the length of planning e.g. The Japanese plan for the long-term and this is the basis of their economic growth over the last few years. Conversely, the USA is short-term focused and the bottom line is generally the quarterly meeting. Hofstedes surveys which were carried around the world in 1980 with IBM employees was rather a methodical assessment of different cultures around the globe. Even though there has been changes in the world from the events that occurred in Eastern Europe and Russia cultural roots are much stronger. Hofstedes analysis has proved that countries can be explained in four different categories. The first one is individualism versus collectivism, in individualism cultures individual tend to look after themselves and close family members only in collectivism cultures individuals care more about the group. High and low power distance would be the second dimension the difference is countries with high power distance are less democratic and countries with low level of power distance are more democratic. Masculine and famine is the third on Hofstedes list which refers to equality between males and females in a society. Uncertainty avoidance which relates to self-assurance between individuals in a society is the last demission on Hofstedes list. If the society do not feel threatened from uncertainty avoidance, then that society is does not have any doubt about the future. The Role of Culture in Multinational Business Economic and physical environment are important to international firms but not as much as the cultural environment that has an exceptional importance in business. Because every country has a different culture they require a different approach. A strategy that is successful for a region might not be in another, to avoid failure right techniques and tools should be used. A company would be successful if they can manage the cultural environment and international organizations. So what kinds of problems arise from cultural diversity? The main problem seems to be the lack of knowledge about different cultures between individuals. Many companies are not clear about the cultures around the globe (Miroshnik, 2002). Cultural diversity causes problems, because firms usually over generalize techniques and strategies. Employees think that successful marketing strategies can be applied to more than one country, but this often results in failure. If a product has a naked image on the package, it may not be a problem in the western countries, but it will be highly criticized in Muslim world. It does not matter if it is a well-known art work or the companys logo, therefore firms must adapt well into local markets if they want to be successful (Miroshnik, 2002). Structure of the Message The structure of the message should be consistent with the culture. Hall (1976) argued that communication could take place in a high/low context. According to him, in low context communication there is the necessity to come up with all the background information. Conversely, high context cultures require a straight approach because everyone has all the background information. Because of the differences of context, Gudykunst Ting-Toomey (1988, p. 103) argued that there are fou

Glossary And Definitions :: essays research papers

Glossary and Definitions Distribution: Drug distribution is the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the blood stream and enters the interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/or the cells of the tissues. The delivery of a drug from the plasma to the interstitium primarily depends on blood flow, capillary permeability, the degree of binding of the drug to plasma and tissue proteins, and the relative hydrophobicity of the drug. Excipient: Vehicle. A more or less inert substance added in a prescription as a diluent or vehicle or to give form or consistency when the remedy is given in pill form; simple syrup, aromatic powder, honey, and various elixirs are examples. Gel: A colloidal state in which the molecules of the dispersed phase form a three- dimensional structure in the continuous phase to produce a semisolid material such as a jelly. For example, a warm, dilute(2 percent) solution of gelatin(a protein mixture) forms, on cooling, a stiff gel in which the molecules of the continuous phase are trapped in the holes of a "brush-heap" like structure of the gelatin. Administered orally. Microemulsion: Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, optically transparent, isotropic mixtures of a biphasic oil-water system stabilized with surfactants. The diameter of droplets in a microemulsion may be in the range of 100 A to 1000 A. Microemulsion may be formed spontaneously by agitating the oil and water phases with carefully selected surfactants. The type of emulsion produced depends upon the properties of the oil and surfactants utilized. Ointment: Semisolid preparations intended for topical application. Most ointments are applied to the skin, although they may also be administered ophtalmically, nasally, aurally, rectally, or vaginally. With a few exceptions, ointments are applied for their local effect on the tissue membrane rather than for systematic effects. Professional skills: Body of systematic scientific knowledge, manual dexterity and deftness, proficiency, resulting from training, practice and experience particular of an individual who has completed the formal education and examination required for membership in a profession. Water: A clear, colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid, H2O that is essential for

Colonial Times :: American America History

Colonial Times The colonial period was A time of much change, as is the modern period. Many people viewed things differently in the colonial period than they do today. The people of the colonial period had much more traditional values than the people of today. The people of the colonial period thought of religion much more sternly than I do. John Winthrop believed in a very stern God. John Winthrop writes, "Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the place we desire, then hath he ratified this Covenant and sealed our Commission, [and] will expect a strict performance of the Articles contained in it" (43). He believes that God acts completely as he wishes, without any thought for man. Samuel Sewall used religion to help him when he needed help. In his diary, Samuell Sewall writes, "...My Son, the minister, came to me p.m. by appointment and we pray one for another in the Old Chamber; more especially respecting my Courtship"(63). Sewall only acted religious when it was convenient for him. I personally believe in a God much more caring than that Winthrop believed in. I also believe that God is always around, not just when I need him. Different people have many different religious beliefs. Throughout history, views of love have changed. Anne Bradstreet valued love as a strong romantic bond. In Bradstreet's poem, "To My Dear and Loving Husband" she writes, "I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold, Or all the ritches that Earth doth hold"(51). In this excerpt, Bradstreet is speaking to her Husband. John Winthrop viewed love as a religious bond between all men. He writes, "Love is the bond of perfection" (39). Winthrop gives few references to romantic love. I personally think of love as something that people feel for each other just because they are both people. I believe there is an element of love between all people. Love is viewed differently by different people, but these beliefs have little to do with what time period these people lived in. It appears that as time goes by, people view marriage more romantically, and less economically. Samuell Sewell viewed marriage as a way to advance monetarily. In his diary he writes, "I said 'twould cost L100. per annum: she said twould cost but L40"(63). This is just one example of him carefully calculating the costs of marriage.

Control Of Varroa Destructor On European Honeybee Environmental Sciences Essay

Integrated pest direction for the control of Varroa destructor on the European Honeybee Apis mellifera utilizing frosting sugar dusting, and does frosting saccharify significantly cut down the Numberss of the parasitic touch within the hive? For many old ages the ecto-parasitic touch Varroa destructor ( Acari: Varroidae ) was once restricted to parasitising the Eastern honey bee Apis Cerana until organizing a maladaptaion to its contempory host Apis Mellifera ( Wilde et al, 2005 ) . The Western honey bee Apis Mellifera is deficient in certain structural organic structure characteristics to enable a unafraid host-parasite relationship observed in the Eastern honey bee Apis Cerana which over an drawn-out period of clip have coevolved ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) . The patterned advance of immune strains of touchs towards chemical acaracides has been a serious concern for commercial apiculture doing widespread losingss and widening its distribution within settlements, nevertheless chemical control utilizing man-made acaracides is still critical to keep low mite population degrees and recovering infested settlements ( Londesani & A ; Costa, 2008 ) . As respects to its far eastern comparative Apis cerena has harmoneously co-existed with the parasitic touch making a symbiotic relationship without compromising facets of the settlement evolution and single ripening ( Campion,1984 ) . Mite infestations within settlements of Apis mellifere are by far more detrimental in this peculiar bee species in comparision to others go forthing damaging effects on both immature and grownup bees ( Kraus et al, 1998 ) . However a modern-day reappraisal by Fries et Al ( 2006 ) portrays mite fortitude to prevail for up to six old ages in Nordic climes where settlement s endure high infestations, accordingly meaning that co-adaptations may perchance be between honey bees and varroa touchs ( Coffey, 2007 ) . The procedure of hematophagy implimented by the varroa touch has been matter-of-fact on both grownup and premature bees, the hemphagous activity performed by the varroa touch is a cardinal portion in phases of growth. Varroa touchs have a predilation for larvae and pupa nevertheless will use the grownups for commissariats when mite populations extremum and in absence of brood ( Coffey, 2007 ) . Mite survival rates are completley host dependant without entree to the brood immensely diminshes the likeliness of successful reproduction. Within the brood cells bee larvae and pupa are extremely vulnerable at this phase bespeaking an abundant supply of nutriment for the touch. In many instances settlements reach such a grade of infestation the full settlement will finally die without effectual intervention ( Campion, 1984 ) . Varroa transmittal to adult and immature bees The spread of touchs is chiefly through natural direct horizontal conveyance, the varroa touch will work accessible hosts by stick oning to the bee straight, accomplishing horizontal transmittal occurs by drifing of scrounging bees and drones among settlements. A important figure of touchs are consigned through robbing, where abundant resources of honey are available in adynamic settlements which are taken over by next settlements within the scrounging flight proximity ( Wilde et al, 2005 ) . Frequently stronger settlements liberate weaker settlements when there is a scarceness of nectar ( Capinera, 2008 ) . Through Direct horizontal transmittal varroa touch will attach itself to the bottom of the venters between the over lapping sections of the ( you explain ) as the honey bee is unable to make the touch, therefore doing complete effectual training unachievable ( Campion, 1984 ) . Apoteles located on the legs aid adherance to the host, shorter legs on the female touch in comparing t o the males are shorter and significant enabiling a steadfast attatchment whist easing motive power ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) . Varroa mites appear to embrace two types of distal empodia pad-like constructions ( Bautz and coggins, 1992 ) . Morphology The organic structure constructions of both sexes demonstrates chiseled yet distinguishable single dimorphism, enabling the touch to accommodate to their host utilizing alone morphiological characteristics seting itself to last ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) . Certain similarities of the organic structure construction are shown in both male and female varroa as there is a clear division supplying two separate parts known as the idosoma and the gnathosoma. The females dorsal and ventral sheilds are extremely sclerotised and demo a red-brown color, in comparision to the males dorsal shield demoing lame sclerotisation. Membranes situated between the dorsal and ventral shields are highly all right and lissome in construction easing rapid enlargement during the extraction of hemolymph and the formation of oocytes ( Rosenkranz et al, 2009 ) . Utiliziation of specific mouthparts known as chelicerae comprise, the conflicting sex has a chelicerae for an imperative intent that of a spermatodactyl reassigning spermatazoa into the females genatalia piece of land ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) . Inevitabley the grownup male will die shortly after sexual intercourse occurs due the oral cavity parts ( chelicerae ) adapted for sperm transportation instead than feeding ( Anon, 2005 ) . Repoduction Reproduction in some steps is complex therefore holding a clear apprehension of the touchs behaviour is critical to appreciate the population kineticss ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) . Its lifecycle consists of a female phoretic phase as a parasite on grownup bees and a generative phase inside the certain brood cells incorporating the larvae/pupae ( Wilkinson & A ; Smith, 2002 ) . Mites come ining the brood cell is facilitated by verticle transmittal ( Wilde et al, 2005 ) . Get downing reproduction female touchs enter the brood cells incorporating the larvae, to avoid supplanting from the cell by hygienic perceiver bees the touch will hide itself at the foundation of the cell bespeaking certain behavioral versions for endurance and successful reproduction ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) . The touch will go immersed in the staying larval nutrient situated at the base of the brood cell. Entry into the cell will go on 1-2 yearss predating cell capping ( Wilkinson & A ; Smith, 2002 ) . the proced ure of oogenesis will get down followed by vitellogenesis whereby the formation of yolks and foods are deposited inside the oocyte. Approximatley 3 yearss after the brood cell is capped the fertilized female touch will put her first egg unfettilized which normally developes into a monoploid male. There are four distinguished life rhythm phases which are the egg, two eight-legged nymphal phases ( protonymph and deutonymph ) , and the grownup ( Anon, 2005 ) . Protonymphs have eight legs ( nomadic phase ) and pointed chelerae and are crystalline white in coloring material, the organic structure appears round as they do non develop the egg-shaped form until the deuteronymph phase. Both nymphal phases are divided into Mobile and an immobile pharate stage merely before the moult ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) . The immobile phases are called proto- and deutochrysalis. After the protonymph moults, the touch becomes deuteronymph which resembles the grownups with a decrease in setae. The touch will one time once more shed into the concluding grownup phase. Subsequently the touchs continue to put 4-5 female eggs in 30 hr intervals. One or few of these female eggs reach adulthood, the figure depending on the development clip of the bee pupa in the cell. The length of this period strongly influences population kineticss of the touchs ( Boot et al, 1995 ) . Fig.1. The generative rhythm of the varroa touch, the Numberss along the pointer correlates to the yearss after the cell is capped ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) Insect hemolymph is the fluid correspondent to blood, contained in the hemocoel pit covering the bees variety meats in bees frequently consisting a pigmentation that is green or xanthous in color ( Wigglesworth, 1939 ) . The grownup female touch novices feeding on the prepupal bee by making a lesion site on the host venters with her chelicerae and maintians this unfastened lesion throughout the hosts development as a eating site for herself and progeny ( Sammataro et al, 2010 ) . The eating site is positioned on the 5th section on the bee pupa in close propinquity to faecal accretion site ( Rozenkranz et al, 2009 ) Perforation of the pupal cuticle is vexing in the nymphal phases as the chelicerae are ductile and undeveloped, therefore it is neccessary for the grownups to transport out parental attention therefore cut downing offspring mortality rates ( Bautz and coggins, 1992 ) . For a assortment of mite species the chelicerae are used for diverse intents sucking, masticateing and injuring their hosts in order to evulse hemolymph ( Gerson et al, 2003 ) . Attainment of hemolymph during the phoretic phases of reproduction requires the touch to perforate the intersegmental membranes between the abdominal sclerotic coat shown in Fig.2. , the organic structure construction of the touch is dorsoventrally tight enabling motion in dogged infinites. Fig.2 ( Resh & A ; Carde, 2003 ) Varroa endurance rates & A ; Reproductive success Some grade of field informations collected have suggested that mites undergo really few generative rhythms, and so current theoretical accounts of mite population growing rely to a great extent on the touchs reproducing in the drone cells ( Martin and Kemp, 1997 ) . At least twice every bit many adult female progeny can be reproduced in drone cells than worker cells ( Martin and Kemp, 1997 ) . A important decrease in drone organic structure weight at outgrowth was found, even when merely one female touch had invaded a drone brood cell ( Duay et al, 2002 ) . Drone life anticipation was found to be reduced when there was multiple infestation, and merely those drones with less than two big female touchs in their brood cells survived long plenty to make sexual adulthood ( Duay, 2002 ) . Varroa mites invade drone brood cells at a higher rate than worker cells and bring forth more progeny in drone brood cells than worker cells ( Wilkinson and Smith, 2001 ) . Furthermore a lower rate of reproduction success is likely to happen if more than one touch invades the brood cell this is shown in Fig.3. ( Wilkinson and Smith, 2001 ) . Fig.3. Exposed supers demoing multiple Numberss of grownup varroa mites feeding on the immature drone larvae. ( Conrad, 2007 ) Drone ( male honey bee ) brood is discriminatory to the female varroa touch, oviposition occurs within the drone brood cells as the periods of development for drone larvae are protracted, this is extremely advantageous for the varroa mite supplying extra nutriment and helping in growing and development ( Baker, 2010 ) . However if the handiness of drone larval is diminished within the settlement, the female touch will work un-infested worker cells as a replacement ( Hooper, 2010 ) . Calderone and Kuener ( 2001 ) established that a significantly higher grade of reproduction occurs within the drone brood cells in comparsion to the worker cells ( Coffey, 2007 ) . In settlements of Apis cerana the touch reproduces about exclusivley in the drone brood cells ( Kraus et al, 1998 ) . The worker and drone brood cells differ in size, the drone brood cells are significantly larger than the worker cells ( Gullan & A ; Cranston, 1994 ) . Message and Goncalves ( 1995 ) measure the effects of Italian and Africanized worker brood combs on infestation degrees of V. destructor in Africanized and first coevals loanblend ( Italian / Africanized ) honey bee settlements. They showed that Africanized bees produced smaller worker cells ( 4.5 – 4.6 millimeter in diameter ) than Italian bees ( Apis mellifera ligustica, 4.9 – 5.1 millimeter ) , and that the smaller cells contained fewer touchs with lower reproduction. They suggested that these differences might be correlated to the size of the comb cells or to the shorter development clip ( 19 – 20 yearss versus 20 – 21 yearss for Africanized and Italian honey bees, severally ) . The latter is characteristic of the Africanized bee, which means the touchs would hold 24 – 48 hours less clip to repro duce in the capped cells. Piccirillo and De Jong ( 2003 ) sustained surveies looking at whether there were a penchant for touchs to reproduce in certain sized cells and concluded that mite infestations may be affected by comb cell size ( Taylor et al, 2008 ) . Recognition and rejection of morbid brood facilitates colony endurance, some settlements exhibit this trait more than others ( Free, 1987 ) . If nutrient resources are scarce the touch will finally decease as the brood cell is capped and there is no agency of flight ( Schmid-Hempel, 1998 ) . If the host developmental period were shorter the female touch would non hold adequate clip to develop to adulthood this is seen in the Cape Bee A.mellifere capensis. Acute differences in the touchs development period can take to significant difference in the figure of female touchs emerging ( Schmid-Hempel, 1998 ) . Treatment An effectual method of taking varroa touchs created by Wilkinson & A ; Smith ( 2002 ) advocates a important fading in mite populations can be achieved by agencies of regular uncapping and remotion of the most natural drone brood created beneath the half-brood frame see Fig.3 ( Coffey, 2007 ) . Elevated degrees of infestations transpire within the brood cells saying the importance of effectual intervention of the brood. Webster et Al. ( 2000 ) considered the touchs ability of returning to the hive, hence designed a trap on the floor forestalling touchs re-entering the comb incorporating the brood ( Onstad, 2008 ) . Restricting the varroa population growing has been modelled by engendering a Apis mellifera with a shorter post-capping clip ( PCT ) as this well reduces the development period of the touch offspring ( Wilkinson & A ; Smith, 2002 ) . It is thought that extended post-capping clip will enable rapid adulthood of the female varroa progeny, lending to higher degrees of infestati ons within the hive ( Wilkinson & A ; Smith, 2002 ) . Fig.3. A shallow half-brood frame taken from the brood chamber with recent natural drone cells created beneath ( Baker, 2010 ) Influences of temperature and environmental conditions The degree of environmental complexness has been connected with the ability of touchs to get by in a given clime, Numberss bit by bit increase at the beginning of the season ; the life style of the touch is dependent on the temperature and the humidness within the hive ( VanEngelsdorp and Meixner, 2010 ) . The variableness among the effects caused by the varroa mite infestation in different parts of the universe seems to be related to the bee races and climatic conditions for case bee races clearly has an consequence on the parasite development as African bees and their loanblends show a higher tolerance to varroas touchs in comparing to European bee species ( Strapazzon et al, 2007 ) . The tolerance of Apis mellifere to Varroa destructor seems to be related to the generative success of the female touch in worker brood cells. The figure of offspring per grownup female touch parasitizing worker brood cells is higher in European bees than in African bees Apis mellifera scutellata and t heir loanblends ( Strapazzon et al, 2007 ) . When certain conditions conditions are achieved the varroa touchs are at their optimal generative province ( VanEngelsdorp & A ; Meixner, 2010 ) . Parasites ; similar to the varroa touch ; have an increased rate of reproduction in tropical climes as brood rise uping takes topographic point throughout the full twelvemonth leting the parasites to reproduce on immature bees. The ground for this is that flowered resources are invariably available leting the parasites to increase dramatically instead than they would if brood raising is interrupted because of a temperate maritime clime ( VanEngelsdorp & A ; Meixner, 2010 ) . Phoretic touchs are capable to different mortality rates in winter and summer, and touchs emerging from the brood cells are besides capable to mortality. Subsequent to the work of Calis et Al ( 1999 ) , we presume that there is an addition of mite mortality in summer due to the loss of touchs on scrounging bees that die off from the hive ( Wilkinson & A ; Smith, 2001 ) . Deformed flying virus Prolonged eating causes physiological emphasis to the host originating from chronic wounding, the eating activity affects developing brood through the direct remotion of haemolymph, exposure to unwritten pathogens, and indirectly through the vectoring of infective bacteriums and viruses ( Sammataro, et Al, 2010 ) . Varroa touchs are effectual biological vectors of many viral diseases, significant consumption of hemolymph permits the spread of viral diseases, deformed flying virus ( DWV ) is the prevailing virus in Apis melifere, the virus found within the hive is strongly associated with parasitism. Deformed flying virus exhibits chiseled mutilating effects that are clearly seeable through observation within the settlement ( Maramorosch et al, 2007 ) . Research workers have, nevertheless, shown that V. destructor suppresses the immune system of bees, which in bend facilitates transmittal and proliferation of pathenogenic bacteriums and viruses in the bee host ( Sammattaro, 2010 ) . Varroa mites get the virus from septic bees in which the virus replicates and transmit to un-infected bees ( Martin et al, 2010 ) . Which develop morphological malformations or perish subsequent to the touchs devouring hemolymph for a conclusive period of clip. ( Maramorosch et al, 2007 ) The touch has mangling effec ts on the honey bee organic structure parts are badly deformed most frequent malformations are shorter venters, misshapen/vestigial wings shown in Fig.3 and reduced weight at outgrowth ( Bowen-Walker et Al, 1998 ) . There may besides be a little stain in the grownup Apis mellifera and a decrease in organic structure size ( Maramorosch et al, 2007 ) . Fig.4. A freshly emergent worker bee with deformed wings due to deformed flying virus ( DFD ) vectored by the parasitic touch varroa destructor ( Capinera, 2008 ) Materials & A ; Methods The survey was conducted between May and September 2010, 30 settlements incorporating European honey bees Apis Mellifere had 3 seperate interventions two of which utilizing the frost sugar pulverization technique. All 30 experimental settlements contained both worker and drone brood. The first 10 experimental bee urtications were based in the bee house at Riseholme campus in Lincoln, and the staying 20 bee urtications at 2.1 frosting sugar intervention Using the frost sugar entirely the first few supers were removed to let entree to the brood box situated at the underside of the hive, in add-on a plastic tray mensurating 50 ten 50 centimeter was placed at the underside of the hive under the brood frames. The plastic trays were smeared with crude oil jelly to potentially pin down the varroa touchs by surfacing them forestalling the touchs from re-entering the hive. For the first intervention 10 urtications were treated organically with 100 g of powdery frost sugar merely, which was applied utilizing a sugar dusting container over the top of the brood frames every bit covering the top bars of each frame and the Apis melliferas that may be possible bearers. Dusting the frames with frosting sugar efficaciously induces the Apis melliferas to prepare taking phoretic touchs in the procedure. Fakhimzadeh ( 2000 ) recommended with usage of screened underside boards may increase the efficiency of powdery sugar interventions ( Ellis et al, 20 09 ) . The varroa traps were left for 48 hours before remotion from each of the 10 urtications. Initially each trap was inspected for the presence of varroa and the figure of fallen touchs per settlement were counted and recorded. Fakhimzadeh ( 2000 ) stated that the mean mite autumn per hr was significantly greater ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) after using powdered sugar to honey bee settlements radically precipitating mite autumn ( Aliano & A ; Ellis, 2005 ) . Photo A Photo B Fig.5 Two different methods of how to use frosting sugar, exposure A the pulverization is sifted over the brood frames and exposure B the pulverization is swept over the frames to fall between ( Ellis et al, 2009 ) 2.2 frost sugar and half-brood frame For this intervention 10 urtications were treated utilizing 100 g of powdery frost sugar and. The half-brood frames per brood box incorporating the drone brood were removed, nevertheless the half-brood frames could merely be removed one time all the cells are capped which takes 21 yearss. Natural drone cells created beneath the half-brood frame were cut and removed. control ( no intervention ) The 10 control group settlements were left untreated but closely monitored throughout the summer to guarantee mite infestation degrees did non make a significant degree, accordingly on the 9/9/10 the 10 control urtications were dainty with ApiguardAÂ ® . ApiguardAÂ ® is a thyme camphor based gel which is available in aluminum trays incorporating 50 g, this is placed on the top of the brood frames, two trays of apiguard are required per hive. Thymol has been shown to hold a strong acaricidal consequence against V.destructor, environmental conditions influence gradual vaporization of the gel ( Lodesani & A ; Costa, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Imdorf et Al ( 1995 ) merchandises incorporating thyme camphor should be applied at temperatures around 15-20AÂ °C, due to an addition in temperature the votality of the thyme camphor increases every bit good ( Lodesani & A ; Costa, 2008 ) . Warm climes consequences in rapid vaporization of volatile acaracides, thyme camphor has strong acaricidal a ctivity ( Palmeri et al, 2007 ) . Fig.6 Discussion The consequences collated from the three interventions suggests that utilizing frosting sugar pulverization is an effectual intervention to cut down the mite population degrees within the honey bee settlements, and under the control intervention touch degrees will bit by bit increase taking to high infestations of varroa. Eguaras et Al. ( 1994 ) revealed that at bantam mite population degrees, the touchs are able to reproduce more quickly within the hive. Therefore the touch may be able to counterbalance for population loss due to dusting by increasing its generative rate ( Ellis et al, 2009 ) . When the frost sugar was applied it was left for 48 hours, Fakhimzadeh ( 2000 ) checked the mite autumn 24 hours after intervention proposing that it is unknown how effectual the intervention was ( Ellis et al, 2009 ) . As the mite autumn is about instantaneous it would be more effectual to number the touch autumn after 20 proceedingss instead than go forthing it 48 hours. In drumhead dusting the bees with powdery sugar and taking the half-brood frame was found more effectual than dusting the bees entirely.

The Significance of the Rape Scene in Timothy Findley’s

The significance of the rape scene in Timothy Findley’s The Wars Ryan Moore Robert Ross, the protagonist of Timothy Findley’s novel The Wars undergoes a disturbing violation when his fellow soldiers rape him; this is a significant turning point for Robert’s character and a section of the book Findley uses to address many themes. Throughout the book we witness Robert maturing and experiencing many hardships that will help create the man he becomes. The most significant of these trials is the scene at the insane asylum because it is where Robert looses the last connection to his innocence and his faith in humanity’s virtuousness.Findley also uses this scene to address the topic of homophobia in that era, and the substantially detrimental effect the First World War had on the fighting men of Robert’s generation. Findley employs creative diction in the beginning of section five, chapter five of the novel, in order to symbolize the fragmentation of Rober t’s character. Robert pieces together what has just happened as he stands â€Å"in the center of the room† (175). Robert’s thoughts are exposed from the following lines; â€Å"He wanted a clean shirt† â€Å"He wanted his pistol† (175).The author’s short, choppy sentences are representations of Robert’s thought pattern. He is in a state of shock, and his character is splintering as he tries to comprehend the violation that has just transpired. Findley creates emphasis in Robert’s thoughts and actions by double spacing this part and starting each sentence with â€Å"he† followed by a verb: â€Å"He wanted†, â€Å"He looked†, â€Å"He pulled†. As a reader, this writing technique makes us feel as if we are able to see into Robert’s thoughts and be a part of the moment.This creates powerful imagery of Robert’s damaged state of mind and draws attention to this section, which makes the reader consider that it is a very important event that also makes connections to other issues and themes. A notable observation of the scene where Robert wants to hug his friend Poole, but he knows that he must not because it would be inappropriate, is the issue of Homophobia that is touched on. This was very prevalent issue at this time and Findley uses this scene in tandem with the rape scene to create irony. â€Å"Robert wished with all his heart that men could embrace† (177).After what he has experienced â€Å"he knew now they couldn’t. Mustn’t† (177). The irony is that Robert doesn’t want to be thought of as unusual; while he is in fact more normal than most people in the asylum, especially including his assailants, who are in fact very unusual. A potential reason the author draws attention to this topic of homophobia is because it could have been an issue for him growing up as a gay man in the early 1900’s, and he may have thought it needed t o be addressed. The scene when Taffler and the Swede have â€Å"panic† in their eyes on page 40 also lends strength to the theme of homophobia.Robert’s turning point begins when he burns his photograph of Rowena; he has lost faith in humankind and does not want his memory of her to remain in such a perverse and painful world. The narrator describes Robert’s violation as â€Å" . . . being rolled and dumped face down on the stones† (175). Robert discovers something important about his attackers when he realizes that â€Å"his assailants . . . had been his fellow soldiers. Maybe even his brother officers† (175). Findley gives us some insight into Robert’s thoughts when he describes him burning the photo, â€Å"This was not an act of anger-but an act of charity† (178).His assailants treat Robert like a piece of trash once they are through with him and leave him â€Å"face down on the stones†. The atrocious defilement Robert endure s changes his opinion of humanity and after witnessing the hellish events of war, and realizing his attackers â€Å"had been his fellow soldiers†, Robert looses trust in mankind’s goodness (175). When he receives his belongings and sees the photograph of his sister, Robert realizes that he doesn’t her memory to exist in a place that has treated him so harshly and that her innocence does not belong in this world any longer.Robert decides to burn the picture to free Rowena’s memory from the slightest association with the depravation mankind has sunk to in his eyes, and with it he is destroying the last link to his innocence. The rape scene is also very important because of the real life symbolism it represents. Findley uses the rape scene to acknowledge that the war has â€Å"raped† Robert’s generation of men who were affiliated with it. As Robert is assaulted his thoughts lead to â€Å"Why? Robert kept thinking. Why? † (174). The autho r hints at this theme in the following line: â€Å" . . . four hundred thousand possibilities- all of those lives that would never be† (169).Robert’s thoughts of â€Å"why† reflect the thoughts of many North American men and women who had lost love ones during the war. Findley believes that â€Å"the war, and those who made it, raped Robert’s entire generation of men† and left damaged scared victims and grieving relatives in their wake (gradesaver). Findley cleverly emphasizes the subtle metaphor of â€Å"four hundred thousand possibilities† by writing it at the end of the chapter (169). This figure of speech is used to touch on one of the main themes of the book, which is the repercussion of war for humanity and the lives it wastes.In conclusion the significance of the rape scene serves many purposes. Primarily it establishes the dramatic turning point for the protagonist, Robert Ross. He is required to rapidly mature in order to fight his way through the war, and this event forces him to let go of his innocent past self and his memories of Rowena. Findley’s character interactions that follow this scene and also occur in other parts of the book allude to the controversy of homophobia during this time, which may have been a subject of contempt for him.The author also uses this scene to address the real life topic of World War One and how he believes that the war mongers of the era have â€Å"raped† Robert Ross’s generation of men by conscripting them to a ruthless and prolonged war. References Findley. Timothy. The Wars. Toronto: Penguin, 1977. Print. â€Å"The Wars Study Guide? : Summary and Analysis of Part Five and Epilogue | GradeSaver. † Gradesaver, November 12, 2012. http://www. gradesaver. com/the-wars/study-guide/section6/.